Ischemic Stroke Rates in Ireland - 678 Words

In Ireland there is a very high incidence of stroke with around 10,000 people a year having a stroke. Approximately 2,000 people die each year as a result and approximately 30,000 people within the Irish community are suffering with a disability as a result of stroke. (Irish Heart Foundation, 2011) This essay will discuss the topic of stroke, outlining the pathology of the disorder and discussing the recovery process. There are two major categories which stroke is divided into: Ischemic, which is the cause of 85% of strokes and Haemorrhagic, which causes 15%. In ischemic stroke, vascular occlusion and hypoperfusion occur, while in haemorrhagic stroke there is extravasation of blood into the brain or subarachnoid space. (Hinkle and Guanci, 2007). There are some similarities between the two, however differences exist in aetiology, pathophysiology and medical and surgical management. The causes and effects of each of the categories of stroke will be discussed and compared and the treatm ent and process of recovery will be described. An ischemic stroke is caused by the disruption of the supply of blood to part of the brain. Blood travels to the brain through arteries from the heart. In the case where an artery which supplies blood to the brain becomes narrowed or obstructed due to disease or other causes, blood flow to areas of the brain can become reduced. This reduces the supply of oxygen and glucose to the cells of the brain. According to Hickey (2003), 45% of ischemicShow MoreRelatedWith The Recent Shift In Our Country’S Political Climate1492 Words   |  6 Pagesfour major lifestyle behaviors, according to independent studies conducted by British scientists Janas Harrington and Phyo Myint. Myint’s longitudinal study aimed â€Å"to quantify the potential combined impact of four health behaviours on incidence of stroke in men and women living in the general community† (Myint, 2009). Subjects were categorized based on how many of the healthy lifestyle behaviors they participated in (or abstained from). The lifestyle behaviors are as follows: current non-smokingRead MorePatients Suffering From Acute Myocardial Infarction2550 Words   |  11 Pageswomen suffer heart attacks (62,000 men and 39,000 women) annually. This is juxtaposed with Scotland where 8,000 men and 5,000 women become heart attack patients annually. The gross figure for the UK yearly, when including Wales and Northern Ireland on a comparable rate to the UK is approximately 124,000 patients per year (British Heart Foundation 2010). For many years, pre-hospital primary intervention for this condition included high flow oxygen, as a matter of course based on anecdotal evidence andRead MoreHsc Level 5 Unit 534 Essay14626 Words   |  59 Pagesshows no obvious signs, whereas some cause significant functional impairments.A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly interrupted or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, spilling blood into the spaces surrounding brain cells. Brain cells die when they no longer receive oxygen and nutrients from the blood or there is sudden bleeding into or around the brain. The symptoms of a stroke include sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body; sudden confusionRead MoreNatural Dyes11205 Words   |  45 Pagesyellows, reds, browns, and bright pinks and purples. The lichen Rocella tinctoria was found along the Mediterranean Sea and was used by the ancient Phoenicians. In recent times, lichen dyes have been an important part of the d ye traditions of Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and among native peoples of the southwest and Intermontane Plateaus of the United States.[37] Scottish lichen dyes include cudbear (also called archil in England and litmus in Holland), and crottle.[45] [edit] Fungi Miriam C. Rice, (1918—2010)

Comparison of Pavlov vs Bandura. - 2096 Words

We use the term classical conditioning to describe one type of associative learning in which there is no contingency between response and reinforcer. This situation resembles most closely the experiment from Pavlov in the 1920s, where he trained his dogs to associate a bell ring with a food-reward (Ryle 1995). In such experiments, the subject initially shows weak or no response to a conditioned stimulus (CS, e.g. the bell), but a measurable unconditioned response (UCR, e.g. saliva production) to an unconditioned stimulus (UCS, e.g. food). In the course of the training, the CS is repeatedly presented together with the UCS; eventually the subject forms an association between the US and the CS. In a subsequent test-phase, the subject will†¦show more content†¦What Watson realized was that Albert was responding to the white beard Watson had at the time (Howard 2001). Thus, the fear evoked by the white, furry, rabbit had generalized to other white, furry things, like Watsons bear d. Behaviorism overall is a good scientific theory. It is simple and parsimonious, with the approach of cause-and-effect idea. Therefore, it is not necessary to invent hidden processes of learning (e.g.. Freud) to explain why behavior happens. The behaviorists believed that behavior is caused by environmental events (stimuli, reinforcers). With this idea, it cannot be controlled. Behaviorism is deterministic, as we do not control our own actions, and so therefore cannot be responsible for them. However, it becomes possible for others to control our behavior by manipulation of environmental events (Vancouver 2001). Behaviorism assumes that human behavior should be studied using the same methods applied in the physical sciences - that assuming psychology should restrict itself to studying only those things that can be studied directly. In this way, it means that anything that cannot be observed cannot be studied and that w cannot fully explain human behavior and the complications behind it. Williams (2002) added that although stimuli, response and reinforcement are essential in behaviorist explanation of behav ior, they areShow MoreRelatedInnate Theory : Innate Factors1258 Words   |  6 Pagesinnate factors need to be considered in order to explain our behaviour. Throughout the essay I will look at key branches of psychology which contribute to our behaviour. I will also compare and contrast both heritable and environmental factors, this comparison will enable me to uncover the level of importance within heritability. We are led to believe that one gene can contribute to a behavioural trait, most people are unaware of the extensive biological engineering of our genes ‘humans have 23 pairsRead MoreLearning Concepts and Research Approaches1337 Words   |  6 Pagesdraws the interest of psychologists who explore the prospect of reaping the greatest benefit from the human capacity to learn. This effort requires a description of the concept of learning, distinguishing between learning and performance, and a comparison/contrast of the conceptual approaches to the study of learning. Whereas learning affects behavior, understanding how people learn and adapt can enable productive learning and may facilitate enhanced lifespan development. Concept of Learning LearningRead MorePsychology14463 Words   |  58 Pagesresearch using constructs proposed to represent the operation of basic human needs, we instead review much more selectively the current state of theories about basic human needs, with a little historical context. We have chosen six theories for comparison. All of these theories have been given extensive explication and review elsewhere, so we will focus particularly on how these theories are structured and at what level of analysis they are designed to apply. We will find a little agreement but perhapsRead MoreCurriculum Development- Let Review9921 Words   |  40 Pagescontent of the curriculum are shown in its historical development . 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS A. Behaviorist Psychology (20th century) – included the following behaviorists: Edward Thorndike Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner Albert Bandura Robert Gagne 5 learning outcomes: intellectual skills – knowing how Information or knowing what Cognitive strategies or learning skills Read MorePsychology Workbook Essay22836 Words   |  92 Pagescognitive processes. Exercises 1. Fill in the chart below. |School of Thought |Important Theorist(s) |Main Ideas | |Behaviorism |B.F Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, James B. |-Organisms repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes; | | |Watson |Freewill is just an illusion. | | |

Oceanography As Viewed From Space Essay Example For Students

Oceanography As Viewed From Space Essay Oceanography as Viewed from SpaceIntroductionAt first thought, studying the oceans from space seems to be a bizarre idea. Space observation helps oceanographers do research with manned and unmanned space systems. The space systems can be satellites and/or space shuttles that observe various features of the ocean such as sea-surface winds, sea-surface temperatures, waves, ocean currents, frontal regions, and sea color. Technological advances have greatly improved the ability of oceanographers to gather and use information that is received. Oceanography as viewed from space has and will become more and more valuable as we begin to understand more of the worlds oceans. ProjectsSpace oceanography uses a number of different sciences to research the oceans that include physics, geology, biology, chemistry, and engineering (Cracknell 13). This is evident in the projects that send satellites into space for observation of our oceans. In 1992, the Topex/Poseidon project was launched to observe the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere (Cracknell 17). The Topex/Poseidon mission is to gather information about sea level heights and ocean currents (Cracknell 17). The Topex/Poseidon orbits above the earth at 840 miles and has a 10-day repeating cycle in which it takes pictures of all of the earth (Cracknell 17). Information about the how the sea level changes can tell scientists that there are changes in ocean currents and in climate patterns (Cracknell 25). This information is valuable to both oceanographers and meteorologists because it gives information about the phenomena, El Nino. Figure 1 is a picture of how the Topex/Poseidon works. Figure 1(NASA)The Topex/Poseidon receives information as to what it is supposed to do from a beacon on earth. The satellite then gathers the information it is supposed to gather and then sends it to the beacon on earth. The beacon on earth processes this information so that scientists can use it. As the Topex/Poseidon nears the end of observation new developments are being made to continue with similar work. Jason 1 is an observation satellite that will look at extending research about the interaction of oceans with the atmosphere, improving predictions about the climate, continue to monitor El Nino, and observe ocean eddies (Cracknell 26). These satellites are leading the way to a better understanding of our oceans as well as weather on planet earth. HistoryObservations of oceanographic features with pictures were first realized with the invention of the camera (Pinet 181). Soon after the invention of the Camera, hot air balloons were used to take high altitude pictures of the land and sea, for mapping purposes (Pinet 181). In World War II, pilots took pictures of large areas of land that were used to develop strategies in the war (Pinet 181). At the beginning of the space age, just after World War II, rockets (although never in orbit) used movie cameras to photograph the surface (Pinet 182). The first manned shuttles took pictures of Earth and realized there were many observations of the oceans to be made (Pinet 182). Soon remote sensing came into action as satellites were sent into orbit (Pinet 182). Process of Remote SensingRemote Sensing involves two types of instruments, passive and active (Gautier 58). Passive instruments detect natural energy that is reflected or emitted from the Sun (Gautier 59). Scientists use a variety of passive remote sensors such as a radiometer, imaging radiometer, and spectrometer. A radiometer measures the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in a band of wavelengths in the spectrum (Gautier 59). The spectrum is a measure of the visible, infrared (heat), and microwaves emitted from the Earth (Gautier 60). An imaging radiometer has the capability to scan an area and provide pixels of an area giving more detailed images of the surface than a radiometer (Gautier 60). A spectrometer detects, measures, and analyzes the wavelengths of the spectrum using prisms to separate the colors (Gautier 61). .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac , .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac .postImageUrl , .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac , .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac:hover , .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac:visited , .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac:active { border:0!important; } .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac:active , .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc5cbadf9e3d559f289ec6cbf0fff14ac:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne Frank EssayActive instruments provide electromagnetic radiation to observe an object (Gautier 69). Satellites that use active instruments send a pulse of energy towards the object being observed, then wait for the energy to be reflected (Gautier 69). This energy is then picked up as weaker or stronger in areas, which can define what features the satellite is looking at (Gautier 70). Some active instruments are radar, scatterometer, and lidar (Gautier 71). Radar uses radio or microwaves to emit electromagnetic radiation upon an object and record the time between when the energy leaves and comes back (Gautier71). A scatterometer uses microwaves the same way as radar, bu t it can measure wind speed and direction (Gautier71). Lidar uses lasers to transmit a light source on the object being observed, they can calculate a number of elements in the atmosphere (Gautier 71). With all of this scientists are able to determine the heights of the oceans, able to predict weather patterns and the effects on the ocean. FutureUnmanned space systems are the most cost-effective way to observe the planet (Victorov 109). The human eye however, has the best ability to observe the earth in a visual perspective (Victorov 110). Humans in space play a valuable role in the observation of oceans (Victorov 111). In the future people will be permanently stationed in space stations to observe and research the earth (Victorov 111). How the satellites workSatellites that observe the surface of the earth rotate at the same speed as the earth, this enables them to take pictures from pole to pole (Victorov 123). Figure 2 is a diagram of a Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). Figure 2(NASA)A GOES satellite rotates above the earth at 22,000 miles. The camera on the satellite sends photographs back to earth through its antenna (Robinson 34). Solar panels use the sun to produce energy, and the solar sail and trim tab keep the satellite from spinning out of orbit when the solar wind hits the satellite (Robinson 34). Ocean color can indicate a number of things to an oceanographer, such as amount of plankton, and amount of vegetation (Gautier 117). The color of the ocean changes slightly, from a bright blue to a dark blue or black (Robinson 118). These changes in color happen when plankton float freely and concentrate in areas (Robinson 119). These concentrations are called blooms and are shown off the coast of Angola in Figure 3. Figure 3The ocean color can also turn into a blue-green because of the presence of large amounts of vegetation (Robinson 124). Together, these colors can indicate to scientists the productivity of the oceans and potential for greater amounts to wildlife (Robinson 125). Figure 4 is a false color image that shows the amount of plankton in the ocean. Figure 4The microscopic plankton are the basis of the marine food web, without plankton all marine life would suffer. Thus, the importance of the information from the false color images of plankton on the earth becomes more valuable. ConclusionOceanography is a new science that will unleash a lot of new information to us on how planet earth works. Oceanography from space will be a tool for find out more about our oceans, but there are limited things it can do. It is expected that few major developments in oceanography will occur with satellites. The development of satellite oceanography will bring together ideas from all sciences to an overall understanding about oceans and earth as a whole. Science

The Death of Newspapers free essay sample

Since the turn of the new century, newspapers have always been the main source of our news. For years, it started the day for millions. Along with a cup of coffee, maybe even some breakfast, the arrival of the morning paper meant the beginning to the daily grind. Nowadays the evening paper is long extinct, especially in large cities. With Internet so available to the masses and, for the most part, providing free news, the newspaper is no longer a necessity. The newspaper becoming extinct is beneficial because it is more environmentally friendly, is more of a convenience, and has given voice to countless talented people who would otherwise have no platform. Lets take a look at the newspaper from an environmental point of view. Nearly four billion trees worldwide are cut down annually for paper alone, representing about thirty-five percent of all harvested trees (Lukenbill 1). Each person alone in the United States uses almost eight hundred pounds of paper per year that adds up to almost two hundred billion pounds per year for our entire population. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death of Newspapers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page World paper consumption has grown four hundred percent in the last forty years. With the newspaper industry consuming almost ten percent of all trees the downfall of newspapers would be very environmentally friendly (Lukenbill 2). The United States Toxic Release Inventory Report released by the EPA states that pulp and paper mills are among the worst polluters to air, water, and land of any industry in the country. Not only do the mills pollute but also distributing all the newspaper copies to newsstands and homes, then trucking them back to recycling center or landfills creates even more. The end result, according to a 2006 report, sates newspaper sales account for almost sixteen percent of all carbon emissions (Koerner 1). Not only does the downfall of newspapers save trees but also creates less pollution. Some may try to argue the fact that the servers and desktops used to make online newspapers possible are on par with the pollution newspapers create. This would be true only if over sixty-five percent of all newspapers were recycled. Close to forty percent of newsprint comes from recycled material making this counterargument fictional (Koerner 1). This isn’t just about pollution, though, and we know it. Our world today is about convenience. The sooner and the cheaper we can access anything, the better. Nowadays things are faster paced and people just don’t have the time or luxury to read over the newspaper. The number of people employed by the industry fell by eighteen percent between 1990 and 2004 (Weeks 1). The Internet provides outlets for anyone with an opinion, and the ability to have a voice is very attractive. Blogging has also become a huge hit on the web scene, and with it, more opinions, leading readers to question authority and other â€Å"facts† of media. Most large-circulations papers have created strong websites. With advertising dollars providing more revenue, these online versions of the paper can attain extra readers, generate more talk, and lead to more hits and higher numbers. Young teenagers now don’t even remember a time without the Internet, and reading a newspaper would be something unheard of. Going through a newspaper, while trying to find a relevant topic and ending up with ink all over your hands is much less appealing than typing in what you’re trying to find in a search engine and getting a thousand hits in less than a second. Also with the Internet there are websites such as Craig’s List or EBay arising, there is no longer a need to pay for an add in the newspaper when you can sell your item for free. We need to stop holding onto the past and let ourselves evolve into a more technological generation. So far, the Internet media revolution has been a huge net plus for journalism and blogging. It has greatly increased the quantity and even the quality of available opinion and news. Trying to figure out the truth of a given subject means reading about it from as many perspectives as possible, and now with the Internet there are more perspectives accessible. The Internet has given voice to countless talented and informed people who would of otherwise have no platform. It has created a surplus of bloggers who provide fact checking and criticism of the press, and provides powerful counterarguments to many respectable medias (Kamiya 1). Bloggers are often valuable reporters. Some bloggers have done significant research, reporting, and even digging through documents to unearth secrets. The newspaper has not always done a sufficient job of capturing reality. Too often hidden corporations and agendas have driven it. The press’s failure to question the Bush administration’s case for war in Iraq is the most glaring recent example (Kamiya 1). With the Internet we are able to address these problems as a whole instead of separate corporations controlling our media. What appears in the newspapers is a result of editorial whim and financial pressures. This limited information is preferable to only a few self-selected individuals. The Internet allows people to vent their opinions and always expand on a certain topic. Some may argue that in a newspaper it is much easier to consume unfamiliar information than on the Internet, and it stimulates parts of our brain that would otherwise atrophy. The physical layout of a newspaper does make it easier to consume unfamiliar information, however online media is created to respond to our desires. We want our information precise and quick and the Internet provides this for us. There has also been the statement that if newspaper reporting dies out, the global consequences would be dire. Little things would go under the radar; regimes would feel free to commit crime without consequences (Gapper 1). This is not true though, major reporting companies working for websites on the Internet such as Yahoo, CNN, or even FOX News have coverage of almost more than the newspaper. The Internet gives readers what they need; newspapers are just redundant and wasteful. With the Internet becoming faster and more powerful every day the newspaper is beginning to decline in profit. Internet is now provided to the masses; almost all news can be accessed for free. This is beneficial because it is more environmentally friendly, is more of a convenience, and given voice to countless talented people who would otherwise have no platform. We need to stop holding onto the past, newspapers have died out and we need to embrace our new forms of media.