The Nurture Of Gender Roles

The Nurture Of Gender Roles The thoughts and desires for people in American culture are set up and secure in the country's brain. More ladies remain at home during the day to deal with the house and kids than men, and a larger number of men hold political workplaces than ladies. These customary sex jobs are the lifestyle in America, and once in a while ever restricted. Be that as it may, did you ever stop to consider why you partner cooking with ladies or initiative with men? Was there ever a period you didn't feel along these lines? Unquestionably, you probably took in these qualities eventually, and doubtlessly when at a youthful age. Pictures of the cliché housewife and bread-winning spouse are continually being flashed on the TV. Ads, news programs, and even kid's shows delineate a male ruled society. During prime-time TV men dwarf ladies a few to one. TV not just feeds the guideline of cliché sex jobs, yet in addition strengthens it with each difference in the program, indicating similar pictures of men and women.American Academy of PediatricsWith the normal American viewing in any event 3 hours of TV daily, the standard is set in our minds.The mind is all the more effortlessly impacted during adolescence, while advancement is as yet occurring. Data assembled during this stage will settle any longer than in grown-ups. Dr. Nancy Signorielli expressed in the official news magazine for the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP News) TV assumes a focal job in many adolescents' public activities. The media is a significant part

5 Common Content Calendar Mistakes How to Avoid Them

5 Common Content Calendar Mistakes How to Avoid Them Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!5 Common Content Calendar Mistakes How to Avoid ThemUpdated On 09/01/2018Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BloggingShort URL : https://hbb.me/2BpIIUh CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogThe challenge of consistently creating fresh content keeps many marketers up at night. How do you find enough content to keep your customers engaged and coming back for more? How do you find new topics when it seems like everything related to your industry has been covered to death?Or perhaps you have a deep well of ideas to draw from but lack focus. You have a file full of half-finished blog posts, ideas for ongoing series, and even a vision for an infographic that will knock your readers’ socks off. You just don’t know where to start. In either case, the solution is simple: You need a content calendar.Common Content Calendar MistakesMuch like the editorial calendars that give structure to print publications, a content calendar outlines your content strategy. It allows you to plan topics and posts, preventing last minute panic when you realize that Thanksgiving is only two weeks away, and you haven’t even thought about your annual “Things to Be Thankful For” post.While content calendars are useful tools, they can also cause problems if you don’t approach them correctly. In fact, many marketers make mistakes that render their calendars useless, or at the very least, cause frustration. If you’re making your first content calendar, or you have one that isn’t working for you, avoid making these content calendar mistakes.CONFUSED WHERE TO START? HERE ARE SOME EASY TIPS TO BEGIN WITH:5 Sureshot Tips To Post More Quality Articles On Your Blog1. Sticking to a Rigid Daily SchedulePosting on a regular basis is one of the fundamentals of content marketing. Fresh, up-to-date content helps drive traffic and increase conversions. Yet too many marketers attempt to cre ate a calendar that calls for a new post every single day, even going so far as to determine exact topics or titles. However, that approach is likely to end in frustration. While you may have an idea of what you want to write about, you might find that when the time comes, you have nothing to say, or that the specific topic you’ve planned on isn’t relevant anymore. Not to mention, it’s better to have fewer, higher quality posts than mediocre posts every day. Instead of trying to plan content for every day, sketch out a basic plan with an eye toward posting 3-5 times per week.2. Not Allowing for Breaking NewsWhen you plan every single piece of content and have something on the docket for every day, you risk limiting yourself. Things change. You might have the opportunity to publish some great guest posts â€" or a planned guest post will fall through. There could be major news in your industry that needs in-depth coverage. You might have a phenomenally successful post that needs a follow-up. When every day of your calendar is spoken for, and you don’t have any flexibility, you could miss opportunities. This is especially common when you plan too far in advance. Trying to predict what to cover in six months could be a waste of time, so again, plan for a month or two, leaving room for the unexpected.READ5 Reasons Why Online Writers Fail3. Not Thinking About PromotionEvery piece of content needs promotion to gain a wider audience. When creating your calendar, don’t forget to outline how you plan to spread the word. Some pieces, such as e-books or posts created as ego bait, need more promotion than a standard post, so you don’t want to release them when you’ll be away on vacation or in the midst of a sales conference.4. Not Allowing Enough TimeGreat infographics don’t happen overnight. E-books and white papers aren’t written in an afternoon. You need time for research, writing, design, editing, and production on your larger pieces of content, so do n’t plan to post an infographic on the second day of your content plan when you haven’t even started designing it. Work with the writers, editors, and designers who will be assigned to each piece to determine a realistic timeframe, and then develop your calendar. Otherwise, you may be scrambling for content at the last minute to fill that spot.5. Not Tying Content Into Your Overall GoalsThe best content marketing is strategic. In other words, you don’t create content for the sake of creating content. When developing your calendar, don’t plan on fluffy or useless pieces just because you need a placeholder. Everything should be created with an eye toward your overall goals, whether it’s more conversions, more social media traffic, or better search rankings. Analyze your content’s past performance and develop a calendar that builds on successes and avoids the failures.DO YOU KNOW HOW STUDENTS MANAGE THEIR BLOGS DURING EXAMS?4 Interesting Simple Ways To Manage Your Blog Dur ing ExamsContent calendars help ensure that you regularly publish and better align your advertising and outreach efforts to your content. If you avoid these mistakes, your calendar will be the useful document it’s intended to be, and not a source of frustration.

What Is Synesthesia Definition and Types

The term synesthesia comes from the Greek words  syn, which means together, and  aisthesis, which means sensation. Synesthesia is a perception in which stimulating one sensory or cognitive pathway causes experiences in another sense or cognitive pathway. In other words, a sense or concept is connected to a different sense or concept, such as smelling colors or tasting a word. The connection between pathways is involuntary and consistent over time, rather than conscious or arbitrary. So, a person experiencing synesthesia doesnt think about the connection and always makes the exact same relationship between two sensations or thoughts. Synesthesia is an atypical mode of perception, not a medical condition or neurological abnormality.  A person who experiences synthesthesia over a lifetime is called a  synesthete.   Types of Synesthesia There are many different types of synesthesia, but they may be categorized as falling into one of two groups: associative  synesthesia and projective synesthesia. An associate feels a connection between a stimulus and a sense, while a projector actually sees, hears, feels, smells, or tastes a stimulation. For example, an associator might hear a violin and strongly associate it with the color blue, while a projector might hear a violin and see the color blue projected in space as if it were a physical object. There are at least 80 known types of synesthesia, but some are more common than others: Chromesthesia:  In this common form of synesthesia, sounds and colors are associated with each other. For example, the musical note D may correspond to seeing the color green.Grapheme-color synesthesia: This is a common form of synesthesia characterized by seeing graphemes (letter or numerals) shaded with a color. Synesthetes dont associate the same colors for a grapheme as each other, although the letter A does appear to be red to many individuals. Persons who experience grapheme-color synesthesia sometimes report seeing impossible colors when red and green or blue and yellow graphemes appear next to each other in a word or number.Number form: A number form is a mental shape or map of numbers resulting from seeing or thinking about numbers.Lexical-gustatory synesthesia: This a rare type of synesthesia in which hearing a word results in tasting a flavor. For example, a persons name might taste like chocolate.Mirror-touch synesthesia: While rare, mirror-touch synesthesia is notewort hy because it can be disruptive to a synesthetes life. In this form of synesthesia, an individual feels the same sensation in response to a stimulus as another person. For example, seeing a person being tapped on the shoulder would cause the synesthete to feel a tap on the shoulder too. Many other forms of synesthesia occur, including smell-color, month-flavor, sound-emotion, sound-touch, day-color, pain-color, and personality-color (auras). How Synesthesia Works Scientists have yet to make a definitive determination of the mechanism of synesthesia. It may be due to increased cross-talk between specialized regions of the brain. Another possible mechanism is that inhibition in a neural pathway is reduced in synesthetes, allowing multi-sensory processing of stimuli. Some researchers believe synesthesia is based on the way the brain extracts and assigns the meaning of a stimulus (ideasthesia). Who Has Synesthesia? Julia Simner, a psychologist studying synesthesia at  of the University of Edinburgh, estimates at least 4% of the population has synesthesia and that over 1% of people have grapheme-color synesthesia (colored numbers and letters). More women have synesthesia than men. Some research suggests the incidence of synesthesia may be higher in people with autism and in left-handed people. Whether or not there is a genetic component to developing this form of perception is hotly debated. Can You Develop Synesthesia? There are documented cases of non-synesthetes developing synesthesia. Specifically, head trauma, stroke, brain tumors, and temporal lobe epilepsy may produce synesthesia. Temporary synesthesia may result from exposure to the psychedelic drugs mescaline or LSD, from sensory deprivation, or from meditation. Its possible non-synesthetes may be able to develop associations between different senses through conscious practice. A potential advantage of this is improved memory and reaction time. For example, a person can react to sound more quickly than to sight or may recall a series of colors better than a series of numbers. Some people with chromasthesia have perfect pitch because they can identify notes as specific colors. Synesthesia is associated with enhanced creativity and unusual cognitive abilities. For example, synesthete Daniel Tammet set a European record for stating 22,514 digits of the number pi from memory using his ability to see numbers as colors and shapes. Sources Baron-Cohen S, Johnson D, Asher J, Wheelwright S, Fisher SE, Gregerson PK, Allison C, Is synaesthesia more common in autism?, Molecular Autism, 20 November 2013.Marcel Neckar; Petr Bob (11 January 2016). Synesthetic associations and psychosensory symptoms of temporal epilepsy. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12: 109–12.Rich AN, Mattingley JB (January 2002). Anomalous perception in synesthesia: a cognitive neuroscience perspective. Nature Reviews Neuroscience (Review). 3 (1): 43–52.Simner J, Mulvenna C, Sagiv N, Tsakanikos E, Witherby SA, Fraser C, Scott K, Ward J (2006). Synaesthesia: The prevalence of atypical cross-modal experiences. Perception. 35: 1024–1033.

The Difference Between Women And Women - 1346 Words

Women throughout history has always had some sort of disadvantage to our male counterparts. Whether it was a difference in job opportunities and pay rates, with the prevalence of double standards, or not having the right to vote like men were able to do. Women were always seen as inferior to men, but being African American and a woman, had much more to endure than that of white women. African American women had to be strong willed, not knowingly that this characteristic of black women and their identities has been shaped by that of slavery. In this paper I will discuss the history of slavery, the difference of gender labor roles in slavery, the importance of women slavery, the treatment differences of African men and women and the effect†¦show more content†¦Many that were enslaved because they were prisoners of war or because of a crime that was committed. The prevalence of female slaves were more common in the African internal slave trade (Robertson Klein 5). In some cas es, women were bought at higher prices than that of men (Robertson Klein 5). The demand for female slaves in Africa was so strong that â€Å"slave hunters often neglected men or massacred them on the battle field† (Robertson Klein 56). During slavery, there was an apparent disproportion of women being imported and exported. Out of the 60,000 slaves that was exported through the Atlantic Slave Trade to the West Indies during the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth centuries, only 38 percent of them were women (Robertson Klein 30). Gaspar and Hein stated: In the Americas more African men than women were imported, primarily because Africans exported more men than women by a ratio of about two to one. A secondary reason for importing more male slaves was the European belief that the field labor was men’s work and men were stronger than women. The irony of this perception is that while men may be more muscular than women, in Africa it was the women who did and do most of the routine heavy hauling. (22) There are differences of when women and men begin working in their lives. Girls began working at younger ages. The average girl began her working life entirely or partially in the house but ended up in the fields, while the

Essay on The Kiss of the Fur Queen - 1398 Words

Thomson Highway’s The Kiss of the Fur Queen has a core theme of art. In this novel, art is integrated into the lives of the characters. The modernist movement would indicate that art has the ability to plainly exist â€Å"art of arts sake†. Peter Lamarque notes â€Å"To value a work for its own sake is to value it for what it is in itself, not for the realization of some ulterior ends.† (par. 19) This commonly accepted view, that art is valued because it is great art, not for the role or function that it has in society, restricts arts impact. This perspective limits and does not allow for the surfacing of profound effects that art creates. In the Kiss of the Fur Queen, art has power it does not simply exist but has function. The observable function†¦show more content†¦Later Jeremiah stumbles on a similar scene of a bar that contains â€Å"men and women, all dark skin, of hair, of eye, like Jeremiah, all drunk and senseless, unlike Jeremiah.† (10 5). Peering into these â€Å"oozing† â€Å"filthy† (105) doorways he is reminded of the â€Å"great chart with tunnels and caves and forbidden pleasures† (105). The work of art that was viewed at a young age educated him on cultural stereotypes. Jeremiah made the association with people of color and hell that continued into adolescence. This association went far enough that as Jeremiah passed that bar he looked for the â€Å"horned creatures† (105) inside. This is a specific example that demonstrates that art can function as an educational tool. A less concert extension of this is â€Å"The Hell Hotel† (130). This image continues to associate native people with â€Å"madness [and] drinkers† (130). Again Jeremiah learned at a young age, though art, a cultural association. This image not only has the â€Å"B apparently dammed to H by mechanical malfunction† (130) but also has the First Nations people dammed to Hell from a yearly associa tion of art. In The Kiss of the Fur Queen a significant piece of art that was used as a teaching tool was the poster of heaven and hell. This art intentionally taught about Theology and inadvertently embedded damaging cultural associations towards Native Peoples. Secondly, although art can function to educate it can also function towards providing identity. Art enablesShow MoreRelatedEssay on Kiss of the Fur Queen1153 Words   |  5 PagesIn Kiss of the Fur Queen, the story begins with forty-three year old Cree hunter Abraham Okimasis winning the 1951 Millington Cup World Championship Dog Derby. (6) The victory is seen to have a significant effect on the Cree hunters Native identity, as he becomes the first-ever Indian to succeed in the Derby. As time goes by, Abraham becomes the father of two sons, Jeremiah and Gabriel. When the Cree brothers leave their small northern Manitoba village and enter the hostile environment of a residentialRead MoreNeither a Mule nor a Queen 1031 Words   |  4 PagesNeither a Mule nor Queen Have you ever felt like you had no say on anything you do? Have you ever been a relationship where you had no voice? In the novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, Janie, the protagonist, goes through the same thing. Janie goes from being a young girl to being a strong, independent woman. She marries multiple men trying to find the one who will make her dream of love come true. Janie begins her quest of finding the right man at a very young age. As sheRead MoreThe Golden Colour Of The Sun1661 Words   |  7 Pageswas adorned much as his soldiers were, his rank and status differing from the common soldiery only by the presence of a golden crown set about his conical helm. 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The Importance of Media Nowadays Essay Sample free essay sample

In my sentiment. media has become an of import thing some people can’t unrecorded without. It has besides become a portion of their life. Each of us has watched Television at least one clip in our lives. First of all. shows are interesting and exciting. You can happen out a batch of imformation from the media. If you watch intelligence. you’ll know what happens in your metropolis. your state. or abroad. Besides. you will happen out some determinations taken by the Parliment or some adopted Torahs. Furthermore. you can be up to day of the month with everything happen and everyone knows that it’s non in vain to happen out more information. Why? Because you don’t cognize how much it affects you. Second of all. if you have a Television. it is impossible to acquire bored.The most of import thing is to cognize what sort of shows to take. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Media Nowadays Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Each of them has its appeal but some of them are non to be watched because you waste your clip. But I’ve spoken merely about the good parts. Some people argue that media has its ain disadvantages. Well. I agree to them. Each of us has to utilize Television reasonably. No 1 has to watch it every hr. You have to maintain a balance between your day-to-day activities. So. Television can be harmful for your eyes. You can acquire a illness and you’ll be worse and worse until you have to have on spectacless. To sum up. we have to state that media is one of the best achievments worlds discovered. But. like I said. we don’t have to pass all our clip watching Television.

Agro- Processing Industry in India free essay sample

Table of Contents 1. AGRO-PROCESSING: AN INTRODUCTION3 2. GROWTH OF AGRO PROCESSING SECTOR3 3. GOVERNMENT POLICIES4 4. SWOT ANALYSIS FOR AGRO-PROCESSING INDUSTRY6 5. GOAL 20157 6. ORGANISATION-VAPCOL8 7. PRODUCT: CASHEW-NUT9 7. 1 Cashew industry in India: An Overview10 7. 2 Supply chain of Cashew product marketed by Vapcol11 7. 3 Value Addition Process12 7. 4 Sales and distribution and Marketing of Cashew nut12 REFERENCES13 List of tables Table 1: Agro-Processing Industries in India—Growth, Status and Prospects4 Table 2: Product-Portfolio of VAPCOL9 List of figures Figure 1: Cashew production, consumption, export, import trend 10 Figure 2: State wise domestic production trend11 Figure 3: Procurement channel of Cashew12 Figure 4: Flow chart of Cashew processing12 ? 1. AGRO-PROCESSING: AN INTRODUCTION As per definition, Agro processing is a set of techno-economic activities, applied to all the produces, originating from agricultural farm, livestock, aqua cultural sources and forests for their conservation, handling and value-addition to make them usable as food, feed, fibre, fuel or industrial raw materials. This specific sector has experienced expansion during last five decades, starting with a handful of facilities which were mainly operating at domestic/cottage level. We will write a custom essay sample on Agro- Processing Industry in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If properly developed, agro-processing sector can make India a major player at the global level for marketing and supply of processed food, feed and a wide range of other plant and animal. The scope of the agro-processing industry encompasses all operations from the stage of harvest till the material reaches the end users in the desired form, packaging, quantity, quality and price. Agro-processing is now regarded as the ‘sunrise sector’ of the Indian economy due to its large potential for growth and likely socio economic impact specifically on employment and income generation. While up to 14 per cent of the total work force is engaged in agro-processing sector in developed countries directly or indirectly; in India, only about 3 per cent of the work force is involved in this sector. This reveals vast untapped potential for employment. Our country has diverse agro-climatic conditions and consumer preferences and hence it produces a vast variety of agricultural and livestock materials. The losses in farm produce in India on account of poor post harvest management have been assessed to be of a very high order. The estimated loss includes losses during storage, handling and milling/processing. By adopting proper agro processing technology, the extent of post harvest losses could be brought down to less than fifty percent of the existing level. The 2. GROWTH OF AGRO PROCESSING SECTOR Starting with a small number of processing facilities in 1950-51, a fairly well spread network of processing facilities has been developed in the Country. Agro-processing technology in India has been continuously making steady progress towards modernization. The table mentioned below gives information of the latest development trends in respect of major crops/crop groups. Table 1: Agro-Processing Industries in India—Growth, Status and Prospects Sl. No. CropRecent products, processes, trends and technologies 1Rice Fully automatic modern rice mills Partially cooked/quick cooking rice Breakfast cereals and value-added products Attractive packaging and branding 2Wheat Fully automatic roller flour mills Whole bran wheat flour, Fortified wheat flour Attractive packaging and branding Large number of baked products Automatic chapatti making machines 3MaizeCorn flour-packaged and branded, Baby corn Corn flakes and value-added products including ready-to-eat snacks (salted sweetened) Starch material, corn oil with specific consumer desired attributes Large, automatic corn processing plants Coarse- CerealsValue-added products including breakfast foods extruded fortified tasty products 5PulsesAutomatic processing units for pulses with driers, colour sorters and packaging unit Cold storing of processed pulses Snack foods and other value added products 6SoybeanProduction of full fat soy flour/enzyme active soy flour for bakery and fortified foods Ready-to-eat snack foods Source: agricoop. nic. in Major problems faced by Agro-processing u nits have been: (a) Low capacity utilization, b) Poor recovery of the finished product from the raw materials, (c) Problems of arranging adequate working capital and its management, (d) Low product quality and (e) Unreliable assured power supply. 3. GOVERNMENT POLICIES The Government has formulated and implemented several schemes to provide financial assistance for setting up and modernizing of food processing units, creation of infrastructure, support for research and development and human resource development in addition to other promotional measures to encourage the growth of the processed food sector. The Centre has permitted under the Income Tax Act a deduction of 100 per cent of profit for five years and 25 per cent of profit in the next five years in case of new agro processing industries set up to package and preserve fruits and vegetables. †¢Excise Duty of 16 per cent on dairy machinery has been fully waived off and excise duty on meat, poultry and fish products has be en reduced from 16 per cent to 8 per cent. †¢Most of the processed food items have been exempted from the purview of licensing under the Industries Development and regulation) Act, 1951, except items reserved for small-scale sector and alcoholic beverages. †¢Food processing industries were included in the list of priority sector for bank lending in 1999. †¢Automatic approval for foreign equity up to 100 per cent is available for most of the processed food items except alcohol, beer and those reserved for small-scale sector subject to certain conditions. †¢The Union Commerce Ministry has approved a brand promotion campaign for value-added â€Å"Made in India† cashew being launched in the West Asian market by March end. The campaign, mooted by Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI), involves a financial assistance of US$ 344,787 by the Ministry. †¢Full repatriation of profits and capital has been allowed. †¢Zero duty import of capital goods and raw material for 100 per cent export oriented units. †¢Sales of up to 50 per cent in domestic tariff area for agro based, 100 per cent export oriented units is allowed. †¢Government grants have been given for setting up common facilities in agro Food Park. †¢Full duty exemption on all imports for units in export processing zones has been done. Food Safety and Standard Act, 2006 Till the year 2005, thirteen different laws were applicable on the food and food processing sector. †¢FSSA will be aided by several scientific panels and a central advisory committee to lay down standards for food safety. These standards will include specifications for ingredients, contaminants, pesticide residue, biological hazards and labels. †¢The law will be enforced through State Commissioners of Food Safety and local level officials. †¢Everyone in the food sector is required to get a licence or a registration which would be issued by local authorities. Under APMC Act ?Transaction outside the regulated mandis is prohibited by most states. ?The procurement of agricultural produce should not be facilitated directly from farmer’s fields. ?Most states do not encourage direct marketing and Contract Farming. ?The private sectors are not allowed to invest for the infrastructure improvement. ?The purchaser has to be a registered agent at the wholesale market Under Model Act ?There is no compulsion to sell through existing markets administered by the APMC ? This act enables procurement of agricultural produce directly from the Farm Gate ? This act enables contract farming and there is provision for direct sale of farm produce 4. SWOT ANALYSIS FOR AGRO-PROCESSING INDUSTRY 4. 1 Strength: †¢Raw material is available throughout the year †¢This sector is getting support from the government and is being socially accepted as an important area †¢There is vast domestic market for agro processing of different agric products †¢There is vast network of manufacturing facilities all over the country 4. 2 Weakness: There is high requirement of working capital in this industry. †¢The linkages between RD labs and industry are inadequately developed. †¢Remuneration is less attractive for talent in comparison to contemporary disciplines. †¢There is inadequate automation with respect to the information. †¢There is low availability of new reliable and better accuracy instruments and equipments management. 4. 3 Opportu nity: †¢Large crop and material base in the country due to agro-ecological variability offers vast potential for agro processing activities. Integration of developments in contemporary technologies such as electronics, material science, computer, bio-technology etc. offer vast scope for rapid improvement and progress. †¢Opening of global markets may lead to export of our developed technologies and facilitate generation of additional income and employment 4. 4 Threat: †¢This industry might have to face competition from global players †¢Trained manpower is shifting to other industries and other professions due to better working conditions prevailing there. Such shift may lead to shortage of manpower in agro-processing industry. †¢Rapid developments in contemporary and requirements of the industry may lead to fast obsolescence. 5. GOAL 2015 ?Ministry of Food Processing Industries had commissioned a vision document for the growth of FPI sector. ?Processing of perishables is aimed to increase 20 percent. ?Value addition is aimed to increase to 34 percent from the present level of 20 percent. ?Share of agro processing industry in world trade has to be up from 1. 6 percent to 3 percent. 6. ORGANISATION-VAPCOL VAPCOL (Vasundhara Agri-Horti Producer Company Limited) is a Producer Company established under section 581A of the India Companies Act 1956 to market the products produced by its producer members across the country. VAPCOL is a multistate marketing company, which markets its product under the brand name of â€Å"VRINDAVAN†. Vapcol is promoted by BAIF (an NGO established in 1948 by Dr. Manibhai Desai to uplift the tribal farmers of south Gujarat). The products of Vapcol are a result of years of implementation of the Wadi programme initiated by BAIF. Wadi is a comprehensive programme for improving living standards of marginalised families in remote areas. Its mission is to satisfy its customer by providing consistent quality, service at reasonable price and thus provide remunerative prices and market to our producer owners. VAPCOL is engaged in food processing and marketing of fresh and processed fruits, nuts and vegetables produced in the operational areas of the member organisations. VAPCOL is primarily involved in establishing market linkages for various fresh and processed farm produce from the members. VAPCOL also facilitates the support to the member organisations to develop their supply chains, to implement producer oriented schemes and to take up value chain activities. VAPCOL producers group forms a complex of Cooperatives in Gujarat and Vibhags (Division) with no cooperative structure in Maharashtra. The producer groups from other states like Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Rajasthan are also part of VAPCOL. All the processing units of VAPCOL are spread across the country right from Gujarat, Maharashtra, MP, UP to Rajasthan. Table 2: Product-Portfolio of VAPCOL Product PortfolioMain ingredientsSuppliers and Area Market (Area coverage)Competitors Mango PicklesRaw mango, salt, Spices, Vegetable oilMember cooperatives, Valsad and NasikValsad, Navasari, PunePravin, Mothers Recipe, Nilons, Kamdhenu Mixed PicklesRaw mango, Lemon, Green chilli, carrot, salt, Spices, Vegetable oilMember cooperatives, ValsadValsad, Navasari, PunePravin, Mothers Recipe, Nilons, Kamdhenu Karvanda PicklesKarvanda, salt, Spices, Vegetable oilMember coop, Peint , NasikValsad, NavasariLocal unbranded pickles. Karela/Lemon/B186 PicklesLemon, salt, Spices, Vegetable oilOpen market purchase, Dharampur Market Valsad, Navasari, PunePravin, Mothers Recipe, kamdhenu Kesar Mango PulpKesar Mango, Preservatives, SugarMember cooperatives, Valsad and PeintValsad, Navasari, PuneLarge number of small players Alphanso Mango PulpAlpanso Mango, Preservatives, SugarMember cooperatives, Valsad and PeintValsad, Navasari, PuneLarge number of small players CashewRaw cashewMember cooperatives, Valsad and NasikValsad, Navasari, Pune, MumbaiLocal vendors getting the supply from Konkan region and Kerala Source: OTS study by PRM 31 participants . PRODUCT: CASHEW-NUT Raw cashew nuts grow on trees and a single nut is attached to and hangs below a false fruit or cashew apple. The most significant difficulty in processing cashew nuts is that the hard outer shell, which contains the edible kernel, contains caustic oil which can burn the skin and produce noxious fumes when heated. The oil (referred to commercially as CNS L, cashew nut shell liquid) contains 90% anacardic acid and 10% cardol. Cashew nuts are kidney shaped and brittle which makes it difficult to remove the shell without breakage. Whole white kernels are the highest grade and larger whole kernels fetch higher prices. In actually, a cashew is not a nut. Technically it’s a seed stemming from the bottom of the cashew apple grown on trees. Botanical name of cashew is Anacardium occidentale also known as â€Å"Nature’s Vitamin Pill†. 7. 1 Cashew industry in India: An Overview India is a major player on the cashew world stage. While cashew cultivation originated in Brazil, today cashew is cultivated in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the year 2000, the total global area under cashew cultivation was around 4,000,000 ha, while the estimated average productivity was around 510 kg per ha and total raw 11 nut production was 1. 8 million tonnes. India is the second largest country in the world cashew economy for area under cultivation as well as production of raw cashew nuts, second only to Brazil. Today cashew is cultivated on around 720,000 ha in India, yielding an output of 450,000 MT and an average productivity of 710 kg/ha. The cultivation of he crop is mostly confined to the western and eastern coastal areas of peninsular India. Kerala is the largest cashew producing states since long back but its share in total production in the country has decreased over the time. And Maharashtra has improved a lot in it cashew production. Production of raw cashew nuts in India Figure 1: Cashew production, consumption, export, import trend over the year from 1970-71 to 2001-02 Source: Based on the paper compiled from various publications of the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India, Kochi Figure 2: State wise domestic production trend Source: Based on the paper compiled from various publications of the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India, Kochi 7. 2 Supply chain of Cashew product marketed by Vapcol After looking at state wise production trend and the procurement area of cashew marketed by vapcol, it seems very strange that its procurement areas are those areas which do not produce cashew much. But it make sense for vapcol to procure the cashew produced in that area as it had been set up for the very purpose of marketing those products produced by the tribal farmers under the Wadi program initiated by BAIF. Procurement Village-level GVMs act as primary producer groups and procure raw cashew from farmers and transport to the nearest cooperative. GVMs do primary grading and sorting, according to laid down guidelines. Figure 3: Procurement channel of Cashew The cooperatives buy the sorted raw cashew at a pre-announced price and pay GVMs accordingly on a fixed date, with a commission per kg of procurement. The GVMs disburse payments to farmers, according to quantities sold. 7. 3 Value Addition Process After procurement of raw cashew from Wadi plot-holders and others at a redetermined price, processing is done in cluster-level cooperatives as follows. Figure 4: Flow chart of Cashew processing Inter-cooperative transfer of raw cashew is practiced to ensure that the processing activities continue beyond a few months in cooperatives where procurement has been inadequate, and to reduce the pressure on new processing centres, where labour may not be skilled enough to process the entire stock of r aw cashew procured. 7. 4 Sales and distribution and Marketing of Cashew nut Processed cashew is sold by cooperatives directly to wholesalers or marketed through the VAPCOL. After deducting marketing charges, it passes on the final price realised to each cooperative. VAPCOL sells cashew to wholesale traders, through its own retail outlets at Kaprada, Dharampur, Pune, and Sutarpada, and to large buyers like TRIFED, Mumbai Grahak Panchayat and Apna Bazaar. REFERENCES †¢Agro-Processing Industries in India—Growth, Status and Prospect R. P. Kachru (Asstt. Director General (Process Engineering), Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi) †¢http://www. scribd. com/doc/33781119/Agro-Processing-sector-in-India †¢OTS Report of VAPCOL